Agriculture and Farm Innovations and Inventors

Farming and farm machinery were basically unchanged in Europe and its colonies for over a thousand years until the Agricultural Revolution  beginning in the late 1700s. Modern agricultural machinery has continued to evolve. The threshing machine has given way to the combine, usually a self-propelled unit that either picks up windrowed grain or cuts and threshes it in one step. The grain binder has been replaced by the swather which cuts the grain and lays it on the ground in windrows, allowing it to dry before being harvested by a combine. Plows are not used nearly as extensively as before, due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture. The disk harrow today is more often used after harvesting to cut up the grain stubble left in the field. Although seed drills are still used, the air seeder is becoming more popular with farmers. Todays farm machinery allows farmers to cultivate many more acres of land than the machines of yesterday. Famous Agriculturists Luther Burbank - The Idaho Potato: Horticulturalist patented many cropsGeorge Washington Carver: Agricultural chemist who diversified agriculture and promoted crop rotationJethro Tull: Inventor of the seed drill Milestones in Farm Machinery The following inventions and mechanization led to an agricultural revolution in America in its first two centuries as a nation. Corn picker:  In 1850, Edmund Quincy invented the corn picker.Cotton gin:  The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794Cotton harvester:  The first cotton harvester was patented in the U.S. in 1850, but it was not until the 1940s that the machinery was widely used.  Mechanical cotton harvesters are of two types: strippers and pickers. Stripper harvesters strip the entire plant of both open and unopened bolls, along with many leaves and stems. The cotton gin is then used to remove unwanted material.​  Picker machines, often called spindle-type harvesters, remove the cotton from open bolls and leave the bur on the plant. The spindles, which rotate on their axes at high speeds, are attached to a drum that also turns, causing the spindles to penetrate the plants. The cotton fibers are wrapped around the moistened spindles and then removed by a special device called a doffer; the cotton is then delivered to a large basket carried above the machine.Crop rotation: Growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land eventually  depletes the soil of different nutrients. Farmers avoided a decrease in soil fertility by practicing crop rotation. Different plant crops were planted in a regular sequence so that the leaching of the soil by a crop of one kind of nutrient was followed by a plant crop that returned that nutrient to the soil. Crop rotation was practiced in ancient Roman, African, and Asian cultures. During the Middle Ages in Europe, a three-year crop rotation was practiced by farmers rotating rye or winter wheat in year one, followed by spring oats or barley in the second year, and followed by a third year of no crops. In the 18th century, British agriculturalist Charles Townshend aided the European agricultural revolution by popularizing a four- year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover . In the United States, George Washington Carver brought his science of crop rotation to the farmers and saved the farming resources of the south.Grain elevator: In 1842, the first grain elevator was built by Joseph Dart.Hay cultivation:  Until the middle of the 19th century, hay was cut by hand with sickles and scythes. In the 1860s early cutting devices were developed that resembled those on reapers and binders; from these came the modern array of fully mechanical mowers, crushers, windrowers, field choppers, balers, and machines for pelletizing or wafering in the field. The stationary baler or hay press was invented in the 1850s and did not become popular until the 1870s. The pick up baler or square baler was replaced by the round baler around the 1940s.In 1936, a man named Innes, of Davenport, Iowa, invented an automatic baler for hay. It tied bales with binder twine using Appleby-type knotters from a John Deere grain binder. A Pennsylvania Dutchman named Ed Nolt built his own baler, salvaging the twine knotters from the Innes baler. Both balers did not work that well. According to The History of Twine, Nolts innovative patents pointed the way by 1939 to the mass production of the one-man automatic hay baler. His balers and their imitators revolutionized hay and straw harvest and created a twine demand beyond the wildest dreams of any twine manufacturer.Milking machine:  In 1879, Anna Baldwin patented a milking machine that replaced hand milking - her milking machine was a vacuum device that connected to a hand pump. This is one of the earliest American patents, however, it was not a successful invention. Successful milking machines appeared around 1870. The earliest devices for mechanical milking were tubes inserted in the teats to force open the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the milk to flow. Wooden tubes were used for this purpose, as well as feather quills. Skillfully made tubes of pure silver, gutta percha, ivory, and bone were marketed in the m id-19th century. During the last half of the 19th century, over 100 milking devices were patented in the United States.Plow:  John Deere invented the self-polishing cast steel plow - an improvement over the iron plow. The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deeres factory was selling over 10,000 steel plows a year.Reaper:  In 1831, Cyrus H. McCormick developed the first commercially successful reaper, a horse-drawn machine that harvested wheatTractors:  The advent of tractors revolutionized the agricultural industry, freeing agriculture from using oxen, horse, and manpower.

Women s Rights Of Women - 1163 Words

Women today face many obstacles, but not as many obstacles as women in past years who have paved the way for today’s women. These women fought for our right to vote, to own property, to hold public office, and even rights to their own bodies. It’s hard to imagine a time when a woman got married, she gave up all control to any property to her husband. Many women lived for a long time without having a voice. There were several pioneers involved in the women’s rights movement, each moving women one step closer to equality. These women voiced their concerns over unfair treatment and stood up for change. Today’s women are still fighting for some of the same causes such as equal treatment and equal pay. For many reasons I believe we still have a†¦show more content†¦1920 granting all women the right to vote. It took seventy-two years from the time of the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls until the 19th Amendment was added to the con stitution. I personally use my right to vote because so many women before me fought so hard for me to have this right. Some women probably don’t see the basic right to vote as a big accomplishment, but I see it as a big step in the right direction. I will use my right to vote to help my voice to be heard. Another right many women have been fighting for is equal treatment. It sounds so simple when you think about it, both men and women being treated equally. The fact is something so simple is far from it. There are so many women have fought for this basic right and have been unsuccessful. In 1923 suffragist leader Alice Paul introduced the Equal Rights Amendment. This proposed amendment to the United Sates Constitution was constructed so that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one s sex. The road to getting this amendment passed has been a rocky one. According to equalrightsamendment.org, in 1972 the Equal Rights Amendment was finally passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification, this is the formal validation of a proposed law. The Equal Rights Amendment was only ratified by 35 states when 38 required to put it into the Constitution. Five states later pulled out and the Amendment was not added to the

Measurement Techniques In Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The survey of Medicine and dental medicine has expanded greatly over the last 150 old ages with the development of many new look intoing techniques. A broad scope of direct and indirect measuring techniques have been used to obtain informations on the morphology of the teething. In the yesteryear, research workers used the contact method of tooth measuring utilizing simple tools such as a Millimeter flexible swayer or a slide calibrated Caliper for dental dramatis personae measurings. We will write a custom essay sample on Measurement Techniques In Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the promotions in image processing and picture taking, planar ( 2D ) and 3-dimensional ( 3D ) techniques began to be used in tooth measurings. The integrating of computing machine based image analysis in 2D and 3D measuring has farther enhanced research. Early alternate attacks included measurings from photographic images and optical maser sophisticated occlusograms every bit good as Holograms for the occlusal facets of dental medicine. High quality images used for the intent of clinical and research surveies require the usage of advanced and sophisticated equipments. Previous twin surveies including dental morphology have confirmed a strong familial part to the ascertained fluctuation, so comparings between monozygotic ( MZ ) co-twins who portion the same cistrons have tended to concentrate on similarities between their teethings instead than differences. While measurings performed straight on dentitions proved to be hard in footings of dependability, measurings of dental dramatis personaes either manually or through the usage of assorted equipments and computing machine plans produced the most accurate and dependable consequences. Surveies have achieved accurate measuring of dentitions demoing the fluctuation in tooth morphology. Different devices have been used for this intent ; each will be illustrated as follows: 1.2 Two Dimensional Methods in tooth measuring Mechanical methods are still the easy and functional recording technique for the measuring of tooth size by most research workers. Ballard ( 1944 ) , Nance ( 1947 ) , Hixon and Oldfaher ( 1958 ) , Barrett et Al. ( 1963 ) , and Moorrees et Al. ( 1957 ) all suggested the same basic rules for entering dimensions of dental dramatis personae. The bulk used dramatis personaes theoretical accounts of plaster of Paris poured from alginate feelings. Barrett et Al. ( 1963 ) used dramatis personaes made of dental rock and reported that intra-oral measurings taken straight in oral cavity are less accurate than those taken from dental dramatis personaes. Peck and Peck ( 1972a ) measured the mesio-distal and facio-lingual dimensions of dentitions straight intra-orally. 1.2.1 Millimeter flexible swayer: During the earlier yearss, simple instruments such as a brace of splitters with a millimetre swayer were used as a contact method for tooth measurings. ( Black CV, 1902, Ballard ML, 1944 and Bolton WA 1958 ) . Despite being the footing for tooth measurings but it had some familial restrictions as to the trouble in straight mensurating teeth dimensions. Besides, statistical analysis, at that clip, was non every bit developed as presents. 1.2.2 Calipers and splitters: Calipers are used to mensurate the distance between two symmetrically opposing sides. Using a brace of callipers is still a common method to execute measurings on dental plaster dramatis personaes. Typically, measurings on a dental dramatis personae are performed utilizing Vernier Calipers or splitters ( A Vernier graduated table is an extra graduated table which allows a distance or angle measuring to be read more exactly than straight reading a uniformly-divided heterosexual or round measuring graduated table. It is a skiding secondary graduated table that is used to bespeak where the measuring lies when it is in between two of the Markss on the chief graduated table ) which are preciseness instruments that can be used to mensurate internal and external distances highly accurately. ( Fig.1 ) Selmer-Olsen R, ( 1954 ) and Hunter WS, Priest WR ( 1960 ) did dental dramatis personae measurings by skiding graduated calipers along and across the dentition. The technique was found to be dependable. Moorrees et al,1957 obtained the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on its approximal surfaces, utilizing a skiding calliper held parallel both to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces. Many techniques and methods were described to mensurate tooth diameters, and many surveies used different methods to obtain their consequences, some of which are listed below. Jensen E ( 1957 ) obtained the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on its approximal surfaces utilizing a skiding calliper held parallel both to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces. He compared the average mesiodistal Crown diameters for the two different samples of Swedish kids and found statistically important differences for the lasting upper jaw and inframaxillary incisors and eyetooths of the male childs and of the misss. Hunter and Priest ( 1960 ) revealed that mensurating teeth size on plaster dramatis personaes is easier than in the oral cavity. In instance of the 2nd bicuspid and molars the dramatis personae measurings were consistently 0.1mm greater than measurings obtained in oral cavity. However, for the measurings of anterior dentitions, no important differences were found. Furthermore, they measured and compared soaped versus non-soaped theoretical accounts and revealed that the soaped theoretical accounts measured lightly greater in overall dimensions. However, this addition was non important every bit far as single dentitions were concerned.In general ; measurings obtained from dental dramatis personaes are more consistent and more accurate than direct measuring obtained in the oral cavity, particularly of the posterior dentition ( Doris et al. 1981 ) . Two chief instruments have been used for mensurating tooth dimensions: 1. Skiding calipers with a vernier graduated table, and 2. Engineering splitters used in concurrence with a millimeter regulation. Ghose et, al ( 1979 ) used skiding callipers with a vernier graduated table to do measurings with an truth of A ; Acirc ;  ±O.1mm. The mensurating tips of the callipers were specially pointed to transport out accurate measurings. The skiding callipers were held parallel to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces of the Crown to mensurate the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth. This was achieved by mensurating the greatest distance between the approximative surfaces of the Crown. In the instance of rotated or malposed tooth, in relation to the dental arch, the measuring was taken between the points on the approximative surface of the Crown, where it was judged that normal contact should hold occurred with the adjacent dentition. They besides found that the mesiodistal measurings for the Iraqi males were larger than that for the females, but besides noticed that the difference merely reached the degree of significance in the eyetooths and the lower left first grinder. Olayinka et Al ( 1996 ) used electronic digital calliper ( Mitutoyo, Japan ) and compared the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of the lasting dentition in Nigerian and British populations. Kieser 1990 stated that tooth length and width represent the most widely recognized of human characteristics. These measurings provide of import information on such jobs as human biological familial relationships between human population and environmental version. Modern digital callipers are available for automatically entering the distance measured, but the truth and preciseness depends on method standardization. Bell and A. F. Ayoub ( 2003 ) measured the tooth dimensions utilizing mensurating callipers, similar to the Vernier callipers ( Fig. 1 ) . The tips of the calliper were placed on a specific landmark and the measurings were taken by reading the distance from the swayer on the calliper. Zilberman et Al, ( 2003 ) compared the truths of mensurating dramatis personaes with electronic callipers and OrthoCAD techniques. They created 20 typodont apparatuss with unreal dentitions holding assorted malocclusions and took feelings of them. Both plaster and digital theoretical accounts were made, and tooth size, intercanine breadth, and intermolar breadth measurings were taken from the typodonts. Consequences showed that all methods of measurings were extremely valid and consistent for tooth size, intercanine breadth, and intermolar breadth. But comparing of the electronic callipers and digital measurings revealed that the measurings on the plaster theoretical accounts made with electronic callipers had greater truth and duplicability than the OrthoCAD attack. Susan N. et, Al ( 2005 ) used orthodontic theoretical accounts to re-structure the mesiodistal tooth breadth from first grinder to first grinder. The readings were obtained by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on proximal surfaces utilizing a Munchner ( Munich, Germany ) vernier gauge calliper. They besides measured the arch length and arch breadth between eyetooths, bicuspids, and first grinders. Three points were selected to mensurate the arch breadth between each tooth and its parallel on the contralateral viz. : the distance between the buccal cusp on the right side to the buccal cusp on the left side, distance between the cardinal pit to cardinal pit, and the distance between the linguistic cusp to the linguistic cusp. In the instance of first grinders, the measurings were made from the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps to the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps of the contralateral grinder severally. Hunter and Priest ( 1960 ) performed two different ways of measurings ; on dramatis personaes and in the oral cavity with splitters and with skiding callipers. They found differences between two sets of repetition dramatis personaes, differences in mensurating both upper jaw to opposed mandible and left opposed to compensate, and differences between tooth types. Besides, they found that skiding callipers were accurate than splitters and that measurings were easier to be made on dramatis personae than in the oral cavity. . 1.2.3 Photography: Modern picture taking began in the 1820s with the first lasting exposure. Early cameras did non repair an image, but merely projected images from an gap in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a big pinhole camera. While this early paradigm of today ‘s modern camera may hold had modest use in its clip, it was an of import measure in the development of the innovation. With the development of chemical picture taking, it became possible to bring forth fixed images on documents. The modern photographic procedure came approximately from a series of polishs and betterments in the first 20 old ages. In 1884 George Eastman, Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on a movie to replace the photographic home base so that a lensman no longer needed to transport boxes of home bases and toxic chemicals around. In 1888 Eastman ‘s Kodak camera came into the market. By this clip, anyone could take a exposure and go forth the complex parts of the procedure to o thers, and therefore picture taking became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the debut of the Kodak Brownie. In the 20th century picture taking developed quickly as a commercial service. The usage of modern photographic methods in dental research began in the 1940 A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s which opened new frontiers for dental research. Bjorn et Al ( 1953 ) introduced photographic methods to mensurate the volume of facial puffinesss. An feeling of the patient ‘s upper and lower dentition was taken in self-curing acrylic rosin on a U-shaped brass home base. The home base was left to indurate and was so attached to a base, which in its bend was fastened to a steady tabular array, which besides supported the stereo camera ( Fig.2 ) . During the exposure the home base could be fixed with high truth in the same place on the base and the patient had to seize with teeth into the feeling. The camera was placed on one of the two phonograph record at the terminals of the tabular array so constructed that the same place could be reproduced with hitgh truth. To back up the stereowork, three Markss were set up, one on the base oF the bite home base and two on a particular pillar fixed to the tabular array. These, points formed a trigon which, as seen from the camera approximately framed the portion of the patient A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s face which was to be examined. The standard divergence of a volume measuring was estimated to 1.7 three-dimensional centimetres. Marked duplicated dramatis personaes were photographed and the photographic negatives were digitised Biggerstaff ( 1969 ) . The Ten and Y parametric quantities were so converted by computing machine package into mensurable informations to enable finding the comparative plane surface countries of crown constituent and the entire comparative plane surface of the Crown. An mean fluctuation between two independent operators was found to be 0.083mm and within one operator to be less than 0.014mm overall. In malice of this manner was allowing merely to bring forth planar consequence, it was claimed to be acceptable method since it could supply a broad scope of surveies. Garner ( 1970 ) developed an cheap method of obtaining permanent records of unwritten and dental alterations ensuing from mechanotherapy, growing, or surgery, without the necessity of keeping extended files of cabinets of plaster dramatis personaes. He used a camera loaded and mounted on one terminal of a fixed tabular array to snap dental dramatis personaes on a platform at the other terminal of the same tabular array. The exposure were traced and analyzed for alterations in arch signifier and dimensions. A 4 by 5 box camera was mounted on a level tabletop at a fixed distance from a perpendicular platform ( Fig 3 ) . A survey dramatis personae which had been trimmed so its dorsum was parallel to the occlusal plane and grooved for orientation intents was placed on its platform. The dramatis personae was placed on the platform so the occlusal surfaces or ridges were at right angles to the camera lens for snaping. The camera-to-model distance is critical and must stay at a fixed distan ce to bring forth a 1:1 image. A 10 2nd exposure of Kodak Professional Fine Grain Positive Film was accomplished by concentrating two 75 Ws floodlight lamps on the theoretical accounts. The lamps were mounted at 450 to the camera lens. Their method of theoretical account analysis was found to be a dependable manner of finding minute alterations in form and signifier every bit good as of entering conditions before and after everyday orthodontic intervention. These occlusograms can be maintained indefinitely in the patient ‘s records and could be used for analysis at the operating tabular array or at a staff meeting. Robertson and Kennedey ( 1984 ) developed an accurate and comparatively simple method of photogrammetry suited for orthodontic application. They reviewed five systems of entering photographic informations viz. : Moire topography, stereophotogrammetry, morphoanalysis, physioprint and telecentric picture taking ( Robertson, 1976 ; Robertson and Volp, 1981 ) . They achieved a greater grade of preciseness through the usage of telecentric optics a technique by which an image magnification is made invariant to the place of the detector plane. . Telecentric optics This is achieved by puting a convex lens, of diameter greater than the size of the object to be photographed, in the optical way of the projectors and camera, with the projectors and camera at the chief focal point of these lenses. In such an optical agreement, the magnification at the movie plane is changeless, irrespective of the object ‘s place in the object infinite in forepart of the plano-convex lens. Merely parallel b eams of visible radiation from the object are recorded by the camera and divergency is eliminated. The highest degree of truth became more evident when abstracting metrical informations across the dental arch. More than unidimensional and became prone to error when survey theoretical accounts were displaced. This was due to the lessening in the truth of the conventional picture taking for a more while the dimensions for the telecentric method remained comparatively unchanged ( Fig 4 ) . They concluded that telecentric picture taking was found to be really dependable and accurate ( Leishman, 1977 ; Volp, 1979 ) . How to cite Measurement Techniques In Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Everywhere free essay sample

â€Å"Dude, I drove through you this weekend.† Yes, I am a city in Kansas. I am also a river, a national forest, an Indian tribe, a shipping company, a street, a road and a ski resort. I am all over the U.S. People love to point out everything that shares the name Shawnee. It’s interesting that I have a popular name for anything besides a person. Somehow that completely fits. How my mother chose Shawnee doesn’t have an effect on my life. What did have an effect was the abnormality of the name. It isn’t uncommon for someone to pronounce my name wrong, spell it wrong or not believe that it’s my real name. That one makes me laugh. More than once I’ve gotten the question â€Å"is that your real name?† No. I’m pretending. I have a theory that my name helped to shape me as a person. We will write a custom essay sample on Everywhere or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A strange person. A person that is possibly unfit for mainstream society? Nah, I’m just awkward. Like my name. Thanks mom! I’m awkward, unbalanced, weird, dorky, and apparently pretty. I have a purple truck; I paint, read, live, smile, frown and I occasionally explode. I hope to own a bus; I hope to travel the world (watch out Europe!). I want a husband and children, a house and a nice car. I want to learn to golf so I can retire in peace. I know I’ll die. These things will change, and I’m peachy with that. One thing that I won’t change is Shawnee. Shawnee is seven letters that I will arrange in the exact same way for the rest of my existence. It’s a different name, but I like it. Most people do, and some are jealous. I don’t see why. They’d have to deal with people spelling it wrong, saying it wrong and disbelieving that it’s a real name. But they’d also be awesome, like me. I’m all over the country. You can ski, drive and walk through me. You can swim, visit and drive on me. And I think that is fantastic.

O.N.I.F.C by Wiz Khalifa free essay sample

O.N.I.F.C A one hit wonder Wiz Khalifa’s new album ‘’O.N.I.F.C’’ is. O.N.I.F.C. debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200. The album sold 148,000 copies in its first week. In its second week the album sold 40,000 more copies dropping to number 25. Since January 3, 2013, it has sold 252,000 copies. But not all the songs on this new album are brand new. The albums lead single, Work Hard, Play Hard, was released on April 23, 2012 which was produced by Benny Blanco and the production team Stargate. Even though the lead single was made on April 23 the video for it didn’t come out until May 23. This song has sold 804,000 digital copies and getting the song a 17 on billboard charts. Another song that you will remember is The Bluff featuring rapper Camron. Just like ‘’Work Hard, Play Hard’’, this song was also released on November 27, 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on O.N.I.F.C by Wiz Khalifa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which is a couple months away from when O.N.I.F.C was released. The music video was made in Harlem, New York. The song is rumored to be the future third single. The album O.N.I.F.C. received mixed reviews from music critics. Metacritic, which assigns ratings out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an average score of 57, based on 18 reviews. So even though not many people reviewed the album, it still got a bad score. I honestly would give it an 89, because all the songs in the album go with it. But in a positive review, Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Khalifas bleary-eyed charisma elevates both radio bait and trippy shape-shifters. Alex Macpherson of The Guardian said that the albums finest turns come from guests and called Khalifa a serviceable but limited type, mostly concerned with getting stoned, capable of adequately riding a catchy hook or interesting beat. I honestly have to agree with that, most of the good rapping comes from other fea tured artists. While Khalifa does have his great parts, he also has his lows throughout the album. But overall just like David Amidon of PopMatters said as pop rap albums go, O.N.I.F.C. is beyond solid, full of immaculate production and airtight if simplistic rhymes about money, girls and weed’’. You can’t argue with that because the whole album is entirely about money, girls and weed. The album is solid in my opinion its completely mainstream and features great artists.

How Climatology Is Different From Meteorology

How Climatology Is Different From Meteorology Climatology is the study of the slowly varying behavior of Earths atmosphere, oceans, and land (climate) over a period of time. It can also be thought of as weather over a period of time. It is considered a branch of meteorology. A person who studies or practices climatology professionally is known as a climatologist. Two main areas of climatology include paleoclimatology, the study of past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings; and historical climatology, the study of climate as it relates to human history over the last few thousand years. What Do Climatologists Do? Everyone knows that meteorologists work to forecast the weather. But what about climatologists? They study: Climate variability:  Climate variability describes short-term (lasting years to decades) changes in climate caused by naturally occurring events like El Nià ±o, volcanic activity, or changes in the suns activity (solar cycles).Climate change:  Climate change is a warming or cooling in long-term (lasting decades to millions of years) weather patterns, at different places around the world.Global warming:  Global warming describes an increase in Earths average temperature over time.  Note: Although climate change and global warming are two different things, when we talk about climate change were usually referring to global warming because our planet is currently warming temperatures. Climatologists study the above in a number of ways, including studying climate patterns - long-term that have a bearing on our weather today. These climate patterns include El Nià ±o, La Nià ±a, the Arctic oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, and so on. Commonly gathered climate data and maps include: TemperaturePrecipitation (rainfall and drought)Snow and ice coverSevere weather (thunderstorms and tornadoes frequency)Surface radiationOcean temperatures (SSTs) One of the benefits of climatology is the availability of data for past weather. Understanding past weather can give meteorologists and everyday citizens a view of trends in weather over an extended period of time in most locations around the globe. Although climate has been tracked for a while, there are some data that cannot be obtained; generally anything before 1880.  For this, scientists turn to climate models to forecast and generate a best guess of what the climate may have looked like in the past and  what it may look like  into the future. Why Climatology Matters Weather made its way into mainstream media in the late 1980s and 1990s, but climatology is only now gaining in popularity as global warming becomes a live concern for our society. What once was little more than a laundry list of numbers and data is now a key to understanding how our weather and climate could change within our foreseeable future. Edited by Tiffany Means

The environmental crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The environmental crisis - Essay Example A careful examination of Jewish and Buddhist environmental sources and activism suggest that from the beginning, religion has been linked to environmental protection. Textual, ethical, legal, and philosophical sources Buddha’s life illustrates how much Buddha loved nature. To begin with, Buddha was born in Nepal a place of natural beauty. He was born in a forest further emphasizing the Buddhist appreciation of nature. Buddha preached his first Dhammacakkapabattansutta in the Deer park and passed away at Sala forest of Malla at Kushinara. This shows the initial attachments of Buddhists to nature. According to Donald K. Swearer, in Buddhism, "not unlike the biological sciences, rebirth links human and animal species,† meaning there is a link between humans and animals. The Buddhists believe in a certain interconnectedness in nature that, "The health of the whole is inseparably linked to the health of the parts, and the health of the parts is inseparably linked to the healt h of the whole† (Gottlieb 102). Similarly, some of the Buddha-nature found in china including trees, streams, rocks and lotuses are part of a continuous ecosystem. The power of nature in the Buddha religion forms the real basis of the religion. First, because the Buddha spent six years in the forest meditating and Buddhist followers often retreat to nature hence they have a powerful ethical foundation to support a healthy eco system and â€Å"green† lifestyle. In one of the Buddhist sources, the relationship between a tree and a human being is described as follows, â€Å"the tree indeed is the bearer of the flower and the fruit†¦ the tree gives the shade to all people who come near†¦ the tree does not give shade differently. (Milindapanha, VI, 409 – â€Å"rukkho nama pupphaphaladharo†¦rukkho upagatanamanuppavitthanam jananam chayam deti†¦, rukkho chayavemattam na karoti†). These characteristics show that the relationship between human beings and nature should be mutual. These Buddhist sources reinforce tucker’s claim of religion entering an ecological phase because aspects of environmental protection are well- grounded into the religious beliefs and practices of the Buddhists (Tucker 93). Various Jewish sources also front religion and its impact on environment. According to defenders of Jewish environmental ethics, there are three main areas of environmental usefulness in the bible and other rabbinic literature. These include the protection of vegetation, the aspect of predicting the well-being of the earth and awareness of the distress of animals. Jewish tradition forbids inflicting unnecessary pain to animals and the Torah includes a vegetarian diet for Adam and Eve. Respecting the environment is part of the Jewish religion. Jewish commentator, Jonathan Helfand writes that God told man to subdue the earth but the spirit of Judaism negates the notion that the earth is entirely man’s dominion. He co ntinues that as part of the divine plan man is obligated to respect both the animate and inanimate occupants of the world (Benstein 46). The Jewish hold that the environment has certain inalienable rights endowed to it by the creator that can be dismissed or violated. Jewish writer Jeremy Cohen states that a responsible interaction with the environment is the deepest personal and spiritual fulfillment. He adds that environmental irresponsibility results in spiritual demise. Rabbinic ethos encourages human beings to be

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Relations - Essay Example The activities of the firm concerns with the products while the union concerns with the aspect of a service. These two goals may coincide and clash in various circumstances. To begin with, the labor unions are beneficial in protecting minority groups (Shelley & Cleveley 2007, p. 69). Minority groups offer a wide area of looking at the same. For instance, disabled individuals who take part in the labor force may experience a bias out of their scenario. If they do attain an adequate voice of addressing their concerns, large companies would assume that their companies are progressing. Apart from direct exploitation, minority groups would suffer from unintentional inadequate attention from the management. Firms may entail processes and regulations that compromise on minority workers’ situations. Trade unions are hawk eyed entities that assess companies in terms of very single operation. In certain instances, companies may have work operations that assign hectic and low paying assi gnments to certain workers. Such scenarios are handed down from previous systems and they may continue to occur under the unconsciousness of the management. An example would relate to bias against certain races in terms of job assignments. The trade unions would discover about such minority groups and investigate their plights. It is crucial to highlight that certain minority groups arise out of hypothetical situations. It might be visible after some period that minority groups develop out of departments that they work in the same. In addition, trade unions help in minimizing disputes that may arise out of workers and the employers. In this sense, the trade unions eliminate trivialities that may arise out of employees and their management. In notable instances, the management of firms may make assumptions about employees. This might relate to the view of employees as a group that operates on peer pressure. In this sense, the peer pressure would lead to unreasonable demands that push the firms out of their balance. This suggests that trade unions are intermediary rather than constraining forces to firms. It is crucial to highlight that disputes place employees out of firms. In turn, it constrains employees from growth in their careers. In addition, employers are likely to misperceive the actions of employees. Spotted employees may earn unconstructive reputation with their firms. This suggests that the affected employees are likely to receive limiting comments from their employers. In the end, it would be difficult for the employee to earn the trust of other firms. In addition, trade unions avail safe working environments for employees. The work environment might be a limited but an unsafe environment for the health of employees. The work environment should be a platform whereby both the employees and their firms respectively achieve their objectives of wages and products. In the achievement of the two divergent objectives, the work environment may digress and i njure employees. Harm is a diverse term that comprises both physical and psychological aspects. In physical harm, firms may entail work environments that injure the health of workers. For instance, there are manufacturing companies that involve in the production of harmful chemicals and products. In such a scenario, it is vital to provide protective mechanisms for workers. Alternatively, the firm would employ machinery that excludes employees from the core manufacturing processes that entail emission of toxic substances

Public Sector Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Sector Management - Essay Example The public sector company I am going to speak about is one of the prominent companies in the Caribbean region, the name of which has been asked not to be revealed. During the work in this company, I have become the witness of the way the corporate governance was performed. According to the information I had been by my colleague, the process of implementing new corporate governance strategy has been implemented since the year of 1981, when the word combination 'corporate governance' has not yet been implemented and has been known only to a few people. The need in implementing this strategy lied in the fact that the government has been facing the necessity of merging this public sector company with another one, which put under the threat the future of many workers. That's why the Board of Directors decided to combine various corporate governance initiatives. The first step in implementation of the governance initiatives was the issue of the limited stock meant for the managers of the c ompany as a part of their employment contract. Through this step the Board sincerely hoped that this would unite the managers with the company and would encourage them work for the benefit of this company, with building solid and long-term relations with the key shareholders. This set of initiatives was later followed by the granting the tag-along rights to all shareholders. From the critical point of view, tying the managers to the company as its shareholders may both work for the benefit and for the failure of the company. On the one hand - making managers shareholders of the company they work in may really encourage them for better achievements; on the other hand, people don't always understand the importance of being a shareholder, which means that not all workers, becoming shareholders will display better working results. However, it is very important for the managers to create solid relations with the investors and shareholders, which means that being a shareholder themselves will only help them in this process. The Board of Directors has implemented a new capital share structure. This new structure allowed involving the minority shareholders to the governance process, which also assisted in maintaining the new capital share structure. The governance structure of the company described, seek to align the interests of the executive employers and the shareholders. The main guidance of the corporate governance of the company lies in the belief that effective system of governance supports the confidence of the shareholders and becomes a proper basis for the correct functioning in any public sector. It does not matter, whether the enterprise belongs to the public or private sector. These laws are applicable to all spheres of business. For example, one of the most effective steps in improving corporate governance was equalizing the dividend treatment between the preferred and the common shareholders. In this process to align the interests of the shareholders and the executives made the Board of th e company establish a system of executive compensation which has been closely connected with the shareholder value creation. Since the year 2000, the bonuses which the executive workers received in their normal process of work, has been closely

An Over View Of Walmart Asda Marketing Essay

An Over View Of Walmart Asda Marketing Essay ASDA plc is a British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding  £3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Carrefour. 1.2: Problem and Purpose The report seeks to identify the product and service mixes of the small companys business plans, product and service provider problem as well as recommendation to solve the problems. The following are the sequence of the report: An introduction of ASDA. A SWOT analysis of ASDAS Resources Management in the following areas: Manufacturing Operations Management Human Resource Management as at present more than 100 people chase one job. Marketing Management and Strategies Technological and Infrastructural support for all the above activities. A holistic review of the ASDAS Human, Financial and Technological Resources Management Strategies. What you consider to be real problem and why, with ASDAS procedures and business process, therefore suggesting coherent set of recommendations for possible solutions and Improvements. Page: 1 Chapter 2.00: Methodology 2.1: Data Collection We collected data from two sources as: Primary source and Secondary source. 2.1.1: Primary source We collected data from the ASDA manager directly. We did collect data by face to face conversation with store, Other Staffs. 2.1.2: Secondary source We also collected data from the Internet, Magazine, Newspaper, Public, and other area as well as friends and senior students about ASDA. Page: 2 Chapter 3.00: A holistic review and analysis the Human, Financial and Technological Resources Management Strategies of ASDA. 3.1: Historical Background of ASDA Asda Stores Limited was founded as Associated Dairies Farm Stores Limited in 1949 in Leeds. The adoption of the Asda name occurred in 1965 with the merger of the Asquith chain of three supermarkets and Associated Dairies; Asda is an abbreviation of Asquith and Dairies, often capitalised. For a short time in the 1980s Asda Stores Ltd was a subsidiary of Asda-MFI plc following a merger between the two companies. Other companies in the group were Associated Dairies Limited, the furniture retailer MFI and Allied Carpets. After the sale of MFI and Allied Carpets the company name changed to Asda Group plc. The dairy division was sold in a management buyout and renamed Associated Fresh Foods, meaning that Asda has since had no connection with one of the firms its name was derived from. With stores mainly based in the North of England, the newly focused food retail group expanded further south in 1989 by buying the large format stores of rival Gateway Superstores for  £705 million. This move overstretched the company and it found itself in deep trouble trying to sell too many different products. As a result it was forced to raise money from shareholders in both 1991 and 1993. It revived under the leadership of Archie Norman, who later became a front bench Conservative MP. CEO from 1991, Norman was chairman of the company during the period 1996-99, and replicated the store on the basis of United States retail giant Wal-Mart, even sending protà ©gà © Allan Leighton to Bentonville, Arkansas to assess and photograph the systems and marketing which Wal-Mart had deployed. In 1997, The Spice Girls licensed their name and image to Asda in which they created over 40 different Spice Items for Christmas 1997 developing goods such as party supplies, official merchandise, and even Spice Girl branded kids meals in the stores restaurants. The Spice Girls earned  £1 million for this sponsorship deal. When Norman left the company to pursue his political career, he was replaced by Leighton. Wal-Mart wanted to enter the UK market so CEO Bob Martin lobbied British Prime Minister Tony Blair on planning issues. Asda, which at the time owned 230 stores and had planned to merge with Kingfisher plc, was purchased by Wal-Mart on 26 July 1999 for  £6.7 billion. After the takeover Asda continued to maintain its headquarters at the then newly opened Asda House. This building was one of the first of the new large office blocks to open as part of the redevelopment of the huge area south of the River Aire in the city centre of Leeds, in the Holbeck district, West Yorkshire. In 2005, amid reported concerns within Wal-Mart about a slippage in market share, partially due to a resurgent Sainsburys, Asdas chief executive, Tony de Nunzio left, and was replaced by Andy Bond. In 2005, Asda expanded into Northern Ireland by purchasing 12 Safeway stores from Morrisons. Page:3 In 2009 Wal-Mart sold Asda for  £6.9 billion to their Leeds-based investment subsidiary Corinth Services Limited. The deal, which took place in August, was described as part of a group restructuring and means Asda remains under the control of the Wal-Mart, since Corinth are themselves a subsidiary of Wal-Mart. 3.2: Marketing Asda is known for memorable famous marketing campaigns. In the Asda price campaign, customers tap their trouser pocket twice, producing a chinking sound as the coins that Asdas low prices have supposedly left in their pockets knock together. The pocket tap ads were launched in 1977 and over the next 30 years a range of celebrities have been tappers, including Julie Walters, Michael Owen, sitcom actor Leonard Rossiter and Carry On actress Hattie Jacques. In the late 1980s, prior to the reintroduction of the tap pocket campaign, advertising for Asda had featured the Fairground Attraction song Perfect. In 2004, Sharon Osbourne was selected to be part of a new marketing campaign by Asda; her last advert was aired in August 2005. In the smiley face rollback campaign, also used in Wal-Mart advertisements, a CGI smiley face bounced from price tag to price tag, knocking them down as customers watch. The focus of these campaigns is to portray Asda as the most affordable supermarket in the country, a claim that was challenged by competitors, especially Aldi. In 2006, Asda advertising was themed around singing children and the slogan More for you for less, and the previous tap of the trouser pocket advertising was reduced to a double-tap on a stylized A, still producing the chinking sound. This included an advert during the 2006 FIFA World Cup featuring the England footballer Michael Owen in an advert with the children singing Vindaloo. In 2007, the advertising campaign abandoned the rollback hook in favour of featuring celebrities including Victoria Wood and Paul Whitehouse working as Asda employees. For Christmas 2007, Asda reintroduced the Thats Asda price slogan as well as the famous jingle to some of its adverts, this can also be heard on its instore radio station Asda FM. Starting in 2008, Asda has been returning to its roots and is now re-focusing on price with its new Why Pay More? campaign both on TV and in stores. Current Asda TV commercials in April 2009 focus on price comparisons between Asda and its rivals, using information from MySupermarket to suggest that Asda is Britains most affordable supermarket. The music being used in these adverts is the Billy Childish version of the classic Dads Army theme tune. The old Asda jingle is not included in these, but appeared in a 2008 Christmas advert. Asda returned to the traditional pocket tap adverts in March/April 2009, with the slogan Saving You Money Every Day! Asda has been winner of the The Grocer magazine Lowest Price Supermarket Award for the past 12 years, and uses this to promote itself across the UK. In August 2005, rival supermarket chain Tesco challenged Asdas ability to use the claim that it was the cheapest supermarket in the country, by complaining to the Advertising Standards Agency. The A.S.A upheld the complaint and ordered Asda to stop using it, citing that The Grocer magazine survey was based on limited and unrepresentative evidence as it examined the price of just 33 products, and that the survey did not study Page:4 low-cost supermarkets such as Aldi, and that their price checker, My Supermarket, doesnt include Morrisons, which was mentioned a few times. As a result Asda no longer cites itself as Officially Britains lowest priced supermarket, instead using Winner: Britains lowest price supermarket award 3.3: SWOT analysis of ASDA Some Strength Brand name Customer base Economies of scale Store variety Some Weaknesses Too much diversity Large capital expenditures Negative media Some Opportunities Strategic alliances New markets Some Threats Weakening economy Unemployment Monopolies board 3.4: Corporate social responsibility Asda has signed up to the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) which respects workers rights for freedom of association and a living wage. Implementing this initiative is difficult, however, because the concept of a living wage varies between countries and the buying strategies of a major importer like Asda have an indirect impact on national minimum wages by obliging governments to set them low enough to stop businesses from going elsewhere. Industry pressure groups such as Labour Behind the Label and War on Want have argued that Asda and other budget retailers use unethical labour practices in the developing world to keep UK prices low.The National Farmers Union, representing UK farmers and growers, has argued that Asda and other major supermarkets have made large profits and kept consumer prices low by squeezing suppliers margins to the point where many of them have gone out of business. 3.5: Asda Smart Price Asda Smart Price is a no-frills private label trade name. The equivalents from the three other big supermarkets are Tesco Value, Sainsburys Basics and Morrisons Value. The Smart Price brand can trace its origins to Asdas Farm Stores brand launched in the mid 1990s, which consisted of products that were offered at a lower price than the equivalent famous name brand product and Asdas own brand equivalent. The Farm Stores brand originally consisted of a small number of food only products, largely frozen such as frozen chips and a small range of ready meals, this range later expanded to include fresh food. In 2000 following the acquisition of Asda by Wal- Page:5 Mart, the Farm Stores products were phased out and replaced with the new Smart Price brand based on Wal-Marts Great Value and Sams Choice.[citation needed] Smart Price products are almost always the lowest price option (known as Our Lowest Price) in a product category in Asda stores. Occasionally this difference is only a few pence, however in others it is a marked difference. For example, a box of Smart Price Biological Washing Powder costs 50 pence while the equivalent Asda brand washing powder costs  £1.50 and well known name brand alternatives cost from  £2 upwards. The Smart Price label was originally a food only brand, however over the years it has expanded to cover almost every product range in the store, including clothing and furnishings with the George Smart Price brand. Like early generic products in the US some Smart Price products lack what can be thought of as frills in the modern brand name or supermarket own brand, for example the Smart Price toothpaste has an old fashioned screw cap rather than the now more common flip cap and the Smart Price range of crisps come in traditional clear plastic bags rather than the foil bags common to most name brand versions. 3.6: George clothing Asda has its own range of clothing known as George which was created in 1990. This is marketed as quality fashion clothing at affordable prices. Wal-Mart also sells the George brand in the United States, Canada and Japan (and in South Korea until Wal-Mart pulled out of that market). This George label was named after George Davies, the founder of Next, who was its original chief designer. He is no longer associated with the brand, although it has aimed to remain true to the high quality, low price business model that he established. In 2005, Asda stated that the George range was a  £1.75 billion business, including sales from Wal-Mart stores in the USA and Germany. Mintel estimate that George is the fourth largest retailer of clothing in the United Kingdom, after Marks Spencer, the Arcadia Group and Next. Asda was the first supermarket to stock wedding dresses. Part of the George line, they cost just  £60 while adult bridesmaid dresses ranged between  £30 and  £35, at launch. 3.7: Stores Asda originally had a simple and fresh store format, which under Archie Normans team and the focus on a Wal-Mart style strategy became even more emphasised. The stores are generally white and green, with simplistic layout but built on a Wal-Mart larger footprint format Asdas average store is almost 20% bigger than its rivals, but stocks 20% fewer lines. However, the preferred large-format stores have brought problems to Asdas growth beyond its spurts in both the 1990s and immediate post Wal-Mart era. With the UKs tight planning restrictions, the opportunity to increase retail space via new store builds has been limited. Rather than follow rivals Tesco and Sainsburys into local format smaller-footprint stores, Asda has chosen to adapt its format to niche stores to retain longer term growth. Page:6 3.8: Asda Wal-Mart Supercentres Following the takeover by Wal-Mart, several Asda Wal-Mart Supercentres have been opened, creating some of the largest hypermarkets in the United Kingdom. The first Supercentre opened in Livingston, Scotland in June 2000. The Milton Keynes store is currently the largest Asda Wal-Mart Supercentre by total floor space. The second largest Asda Wal-Mart Supercentre is located in Huyton, Merseyside. There are currently 25 Supercentres in the UK. It is also planned for a Wal-Mart Supercentre in Dundee, Scotland. 3.9: There are 346 Asda Supermarkets. In October 2003 Asda launched a new format called Asda Living. This is the companys first general merchandise store, containing all its non-food ranges including clothing, home electronics, toys, homewares, health, and beauty products. With these stores they have linked up with Compass Group who operate the coffee shop Caffe Ritazza within some of the stores. The first store with this format opened in Walsall, West Midlands, and at the time of writing has been followed by ten further stores. 3.10: George clothing stores In 2004, the George clothing brand was extended to a number of standalone George stores on the high street. In 2008, all George standalone stores were closed due to high rental costs resulting in low profitability. The first George standalone store to open was in Preston. 3.11: Asda Essentials In April 2006, Asda launched a new format called Asda Essentials in a former Co-op store in Northampton, followed by another in Pontefract a month later. This was modelled on the French Leaderprice chain, with a smaller floorplate than Asdas mainstream stores. Essentials focuses primarily on own-brand products, only stocking branded items that are perceived to be at the core of a familys weekly shop. This style of retailing is an attempt to address competition from discount supermarkets such as Aldi, Lidl and Netto. On 6 December 2006 The Guardian newspaper reported that further planned store openings were under review following poor sales in the existing outlets. It was also revealed that the range of branded products has been expanded. In early January 2007 it was announced that the initial trial Essentials store would close within a month after only 10 months of trading. Page:7 4.1: Distribution Asda also has 70 depots all across the UK which distribute across the network of stores. There are depots for chilled foods, clothing and ambient products, such as fizzy drinks and cereals. 4.2: Other interests On 10 June 2008 Wal-Mart announced that it has agreed to sell Gazeley Limited Group, the property development subsidiary of Asda, to Economic Zones World (EZW), a Dubai World company. Gazeley is involved in the development of distribution warehousing in the UK, mainland Europe and China and has extended its operations to India and Mexico. Its customers include many of the worlds leading companies, third-party logistics providers, original equipment manufacturers, retailers and their suppliers. Gazeley is also a preferred developer of distribution space for Wal-Mart International, including Asda in the UK and Wal-Mart China. Asda Financial Services Asda has established a financial services division, following in the footsteps of Tesco, Sainsburys and other retailers. Asda simply attaches its own brand to products provided by other companies. Services they offer include insurance (provided by Norwich Union), credit cards (provided by Grupo Santander) and loans (provided by the Funding Corporation). The Financial Services division of the organisation does not directly sell these services in store and instead uses the supplier of that product by telephone or online/postal application. Until June 2009 selected stores had Credit Card Representatives provided by GE Capital Bank and then Grupo Santander. Marketing and management of Financial Services is co-ordinated in house and many stores have a Financial Services Co-ordinator, responsible for promoting the products and ensuring legal compliance. The Financial Services division is also responsible for Gift Cards, Christmas Saver and Business Rewards. 4.3: Loyalty card The company does not run a loyalty card scheme, stating that we prefer to invest the money wed use to set up such a scheme into driving down prices for our customers. However, the Asda-branded Credit Card (provided by Grupo Santander) offers a points scheme, though these points can be earned on all spending. Page:8 5.00: Internet operations An Asda Mercedes-Benz Sprinter delivery van Asda launched its online retailer service in 1998, but from the start had over-estimated demand. It began with a dedicated depot based in Croydon, South London, but this was closed with a number of redundancies shortly after as sales were lower than expected. It continued the online service, but emulated the Tesco store-based model instead. Since the roll-out of the grocery delivery operation Asda has moved into non-food online retailing. Current categories include entertainment, contact lenses, furniture, travel, electricals, gifts, mobile phones and flowers, with more categories being launched each year. In May 2004 it announced a major expansion of the service which would increase coverage from 30% of the UK population to 35%.The Grocer magazine reported a turnaround in the fortunes of Asdas home shopping service under new head of Home Shopping, Richard Ramsden.[citation needed] More recently, Asda stepped up its commitment to home shopping, focusing on full UK coverage by the end of 2007. Andy Bond highlighted that Asda will be recruiting up to 1,800 new staff to bolster its operations and focus on competing with Tesco in the online arena. In January 2007, Asda launched www.asda-electricals.co.uk to compete with Tescos highly successful Tesco Direct. In October 2008, Asda launched direct.asda.com superseding its electricals website and also selling several additional product categories such as homeware, garden and toys. This new venture is part of its online business Asda Direct, with more than 3,000 domestic and home electrical products. Asdas long term ambition to capture 5% of the  £1.9 billion market by 2012. Recently, the company sold its Durabrand 1005 DVD player for only  £9, the UKs lowest priced DVD player, which sold out in just two days from start of the promotion. 5.1: Financial performance As of March 2009, Tesco has a 30.4% share of the UK grocery market while Asdas share is 17.5%, followed by Sainsburys at 16.1%, and Morrisons at 11.8%. According to CACI, as of 2006, Asda has market dominance in 14 postcode areas; DY (Dudley), B (Birmingham), CH (Chester), L (Liverpool), WN (Wigan), BL (Bolton), BB (Blackburn), LA (Lancaster), HU (Kingston upon Hull), SR (Sunderland), DH (Durham), NE (Newcastle upon Tyne), G (Glasgow) and AB (Aberdeen).[38 5.2: Employee relations Asda has 150,000 employees, whom it refers to as colleagues (90,000 part-time, 60,000 full-time). The company has featured prominently in lists of Best companies to work for, appearing in second place in The Times newspaper list for 2005 (although very few, if any, employees at grass-roots level were asked for their opinion). It offers staff a discount of 10% on most items (exceptions include fuel, stamps, lottery, gift cards and tobacco related items). Page:9 On double discount day, in December 2005, Asda temporarily increased the staff discount to 20%, but excluded alcoholic drinks from the extra discount for reasons of operational profit protection. In 2007 Asda chose to allow staff up to  £100 off alcohol before discounts. They were also allowed to purchase items from the George range with 20% off. However, during this double discount day, all edible and most non-edible grocery products and electrical items (excluding digital cameras) were not included. The GMB Union attempted to get Tesco to offer a similar discount to Asda staff as a publicity stunt and Asda subsequently included these products in the extra discount, but with a maximum spend of  £100, down from  £250 in the years before the alterations. While the reinstatement of the discount was intended to be a publicity stunt that improved employee relations, it resulted in further bitter feelings. This was due to the fact that in the years previously, music albums, singles, DVDs, videos and video games had been included in the discount day, but were not reinstated with the rest of the discount after Asda backed down. 5.3: Trade union relations In August 2005, the manager of the Wakefield depot read out what were called [who?] foreign-sounding names over the public address system ordering them to report immediately to the managers office. The workers, who were all Muslims, were ordered to produce evidence that they were not illegal immigrants. At least one was threatened with the sack unless he produced his passport the next day. The highly public initiative by management, which came within weeks of the 7 July bombings in London, was followed by a spate of graffiti at the depot in Wakefield expressing hatred and contempt for Muslims and their religion. In February 2006, Asda was fined  £850,000 for offering employees of a newly taken over distribution depot a pay rise to give up union rights. An employment tribunal found the American-owned supermarket chain guilty of promising 340 distribution staff a 10 per cent pay rise to give up the collective agreement negotiated by the GMB union an act which is illegal under a 1992 labour relations law. The court ordered Asda to pay  £2,500 to each GMB represented employee at the Washington depot. In June 2006, GMB Union members at the companys UK distribution depots agreed to strike for five days from 30 June 2006. The two sides failed to agree on how many of Asdas 12,500 depot workers belong to the union across its 24 depots around the UK. The GMB claimed the figure as 7,000, but Asda claimed the number was nearer 4,500. The depots affected include Bedford, Chepstow, Dartford, Didcot, Erith, Falkirk, Grangemouth, Ince George in Wigan, Lutterworth, Lymedale in Staffordshire, Portbury, Skelmersdale, Teesport, Wakefield and Washington. Asda threatened legal action, citing flaws in the ballot process, (such as the GMB sending out ballot forms to non union members strengthening Asdas claim that the union quoted figures were inflated,) but after discussion at the TUC, an agreement was reached for a national level consultative body and the strike called off. Page:10 5.4: Dairy price fixing In December 2007 Asda, Sainsburys and other retailers admitted to price fixing dairy products between 2002 and 2003. Asda commented, Everyone at Asda regrets what happened, particularly as we are passionate about lowering prices. Our intention was to provide more money for dairy farmers, who were under severe financial pressure at the time. So far in total these retailers have been fined  £116 million. Tesco, Morrisons and dairy company Lactalis McLelland denied any involvement in price-fixing; however, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) says it will carry on its investigation. It was announced that the alleged price-fixing cost consumers  £260 million. 5.5: Asda Mobile Main article: Asda Mobile Asda Mobile is a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in the UK, operated by Asda, using the Vodafone UK network. Asda Mobile was launched in April 2007. As of 21 August 2007, Asda mobile was available in 237 stores across the UK. Asda Mobile has won awards for being the cheapest national mobile network. There are many phones available on Asda Direct, with all Asda mobile handsets unlocked, one of the reasons handsets are more expensive than with competitors. Asda do not sell all of them on the Asda Mobile network, making some handsets network locked. It has 99% UK 2.5G coverage, and coverage in over 200 countries around the world. 5.6: Awards 1997-present Voted Britains lowest price supermarket in a survey by Grocer 33 Magazine 2001, 2002, 2003 Voted a top 10 UK employer by the Sunday Times Top 100 Best Employers Survey, although the merit of Asda being awarded such an award is contested by the GMB 2002 Nestlà © Social Commitment Award, awarded by peers in the food industry March 2009 Voted Innovative Employer of the Year at the Oracle Retail Week Awards. Page:11

The Tragedy of Othello :: Essays Papers

The Tragedy of Othello William Shakespeare’s, The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, from the sixteenth century is an excellent example of Renaissance humanism. â€Å"A poet of unparalleled genius, Shakespeare emerged during the golden age of England under the rule of Elizabeth I.†(Fiero 3:98) He produced comedies, tragedies, romances and histories. According to Webster’s pocket dictionary, a tragedy is defined as a form of drama in which the protagonist comes to a disaster, as through a flaw in character, and in which the ending is usually marked by pity or sorrow. I would like to concentrate on the character Iago and the theme of deceit. We see humanism in all of Shakespeare’s characters. He does not judge or label them but rather gave them each strengths, weaknesses, and flaws. â€Å"Shakespeare transforms these figures into complex personalities, allowing them full freedom to falter and fail through their own actions.†(3:100) The play consisted of human interaction especially in the case of the character Iago, who is the personification of evil. Shakespeare also introduced the hero, Othello, as a black man, which is not stereotypical for that time. Each character makes their own decisions and has their own flaws, which is very humanistic. Shakespeare’s use of tragedy shows, â€Å"†¦in a universe in which order and disorder coexist, human choices play a vital and potentially destructive part.†(3:100) Shakespeare develops the character Iago into an instigator and evil man. Iago attempts and succeeds to convince Othello that his wife has had an affair with his friend Cassio. We see Iago beginning his plans at the very start of the play. â€Å"But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve for daws to peck at, I am not what I am.†(Oth 1:1:64-65) He immediately tries to start trouble with Brabantio and Othello over the marriage to Desdemona. Iago want to get in Othello’s way because he was passed over for general and Cassio was chosen instead. We see from the start how he plots against Othello and he involves several characters in his plans. â€Å"And what’s he then that says I play the villain? When this advice is free. I give and honest, probal to thinking, and indeed the course to win the Moor again? For tis easy Th’ inclining Desdemona to subdue in any honest suit; she’s framed as fruitful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2:3:295-300).

English Exit Exam Essay

My writing journey this semester has been a roller coaster. Since the beginning of this course I have improved in so many different areas. When I first began in this class, I didn’t have a clue how to start my essays. I wasn’t very good with being descriptive either. On top of that, revising was something I hated to do. My writing process was very messy and organization was never something I considered when writing a paper. Since taking this class my skills in organization, revision, and description have improved tremendously. I wasn’t a big fan of drafting before I started this class. My writing process has always been all over the place. I could be writing paragraph one and then skip to paragraph four for no apparent reason. Sometimes I would just write different paragraphs on different pieces of papers and then put them all together afterwards. In this class I was taught why drafting is so important to my writing process. It helped me be more organized and less stressed. My mind was in one place and on track, rather than all over the place. If drafting and organizational skills weren’t already big enough issues to deal with, then revision definitely was. In the past, I hated having to read over my paper repeatedly until it was near perfect. On top of that, event though my personality is big, it doesn’t mean I’m big on sharing my work. I was scared that if I made a simple mistake the person revising my paper would think I was stupid. After reading over some of my classmates’ papers I learned they made some of the same mistakes as me. Then I came to realize I’m only human and I’m going to make mistakes. It was something I had to get use to and I’m glad I fixed that problem in my life. Even though I did a lot of writing in my English class, there were other things we had to do also. Almost every night we had to read in our textbook. The textbook taught me a lot about the right and wrong things to do while writing. It also explained to me the different styles of writing and gave plenty of examples. Not only did I read the book, but I finished an online writing class. This Writing Class was mainly about grammar and how to correct grammar errors. Before writing class, I really didn’t know how to use commas. I would guess most of the time and hope I was right. I should have known one day it was going to catch up with me and it did. Luckily for me, I had a wonderful professor to teach me and help me with my problem. After studying my professor’s lecture and doing the online activities, I was ready to take the online quiz. When I took it, I passed it with flying colors. I really worked hard in all the subjects in Writing Class and I ended up passing all of the quizzes, even the post test. I was recently instructed to revise two of my previous essays I’ve written in class for my portfolio. I automatically knew which ones I wanted to revise. My first one was about my writing journey throughout life. I needed to be more descriptive and also had some grammatical errors to fix. The essay was based upon how I used to read to my peers in Pre-K, which led to me making my own short stories. It also tells about the time I had my poem published in high school by my teacher. Not being descriptive was the main problem I had with this essay. When I wrote my draft I didn’t paint a picture for my audience to see where I was coming from. Instead of saying â€Å"The big red chair†, I would just write, â€Å"the chair† and the difference in these two quotes are obvious and can automatically tell which one is more descriptive. With many changes made to this essay I would say I worked really hard on this one. Especially since it was a more personal subject, I put a lot of work into it. My second essay assignment was to write about a club or organization on campus. The purpose of the essay was to get new college students to join the club of my choice. I chose ROTC because I was a part of it in high school. I love the feeling I got from my lieutenant and cadets. We were all like a big family and kept up with each other a lot. From speaking to a former cadet that attends GGC, I have confirmed that ROTC is the same at this school in many aspects. When writing my draft, again, I didn’t explain things thoroughly. I needed more evidence to support my claims. In many sentences I didn’t use the right word either. Misspelled words and comma splices were all through my paper. When I took the time to revise it, I was able to fix these problems. Instead of letting Microsoft Word find my mistakes, I carefully read through it and did it myself. I reviewed the comma splice lesson and was able to find where those were in my paper. When I did more research on the club, I was able to add more details to my paper. In no time my final copy looked completely from where I started. As a child I was told hard work will definitely pay off. With all my hard work in the class I am hoping that it will surely pay off in me exiting this class early. I have learned to revise my papers, be more descriptive, correct grammatical errors, and last but not least have an organized writing process. With the skills I’ve learned in this class I will be able to succeed in my other classes. Every class in college has some form of writing so I will never get away from it. In order to succeed in my major, I will need to take my writing seriously. It is amazing how I was able to learn so much in so little time. I am glad I was able to fix my faults and write a great paper. I think you will enjoy my portfolio and be more than happy to pass me.

Free Essays on Ethics and Morality

Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ... Free Essays on Ethics and Morality Free Essays on Ethics and Morality Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ...

Andrew Jacksons Impeachment essays

Andrew Jacksons Impeachment essays With the assassination of Lincoln, the presidency fell upon an old-fashioned southerner named Andrew Johnson. Although an honest and honorable man, Andrew Johnson was one of the most unfortunate Presidents. Over time there has been a controversial debate as to whether Johnson deserved to be impeached, or if it was an unconstitutional attempt by Congress to infringe upon the presidents authority. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was politically motivated. The spirit of the Jacksonian democracy inspired Andrew Johnson. From this influence he helped found the Democratic Party in his region and became elected to the town council in 1829. After serving in his town council for two years he was elected mayor in 1831. Johnson was a strict constructionist and an advocate of states' rights who distrusted the power of government at all levels. Following his term as Mayor Johnson won elections to the Tennessee State legislature in 1835, 1839, and 1841. After serving these terms he was elected t o Congress in 1843. As a member of the US House, Johnson opposed government involvement in the nations economy through tariffs and internal improvements. "In 1852 Johnson lost his seat in the US House because of gerrymandering by the Whig- dominated state legislature." (Jackson) Following his loss he came back in 1853 to win a narrow victory for governor and served two terms. In 1857, Johnson was then elected to represent Tennessee in the US Senate. "While serving in the Senate Johnson became an advocate of the Homestead Bill, which was opposed by most Southern Democrats and their slave owning, plantation constituents." (Kennedy) This issue strained the already tense relations between Johnson and the wealthy planters in western Tennessee. Eventually the party split into regional factions. Johnson made the decision to back the Southern Democratic nominee, John Breckinridge. By this time the rupture between Johnson and most Southern Democrats was too deep to ...

The Report for the Task Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Report for the Task - Assignment Example Metal direct places prices on the basis of the daily stock price for silver while Rooksons considers a fixed price for silver that is reviewed quarterly. By offering to work on the basis of a fixed price for silver, which is reviewed on a quarterly basis, Rooksons presents a better deal. According to the survey the company carried out of 200 adult travelers while on the system at peak times, the major factors that may influence how safe customers feel when travelling on the service include: Of the three factors; travel time, number of people travelling together (trips) and reliability, only the number of people travelling together (trips) has an association with ratings of safety on the system. The estimated safety/ the rating likely to be given by a customer, who has travelled for 23 minutes, made 36 trips in the last month and gave a score of 6 for reliability is computed to be 5.252. The forecasts on safety ratings from the model are likely to be more reliable if the numbers of trips the respondents make using the system increases every month. â€Æ' The sales figures for the past thirty days reveal that Men’s Outlet Clothing is experiencing contractions in the business. There is no consistency in the increase of the company’s sales in the five weeks. From the model, the sales figures are dependent on time. There is a significant negative relationship between the sales figures of the company and time. The sales figures of Men’s Outlet clothing reduce as days increase. The recent reduction in sales in the last thirty days can be attributed to time. A closer examination of the daily sales shows that the sales will be lower on Tuesday and Wednesday. The pattern is anticipated to remain the same in the coming weeks with the sales still being lower on Tuesday and Wednesday. From the examination of the recent sales, there is no proof that there is any correlation between the low sales and the number of full-time sales staff. Men’s

In William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily analyze the personality and Research Paper

In William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily analyze the personality and behavior of Miss Emily - Research Paper Example On the other hand, she becomes an object to be scrutinized by people in her town, and this turns her into a mysteriously mute figure. There are other situations where Emily portrays qualities of stereotypical southern â€Å"eccentric† that are unstable and exceptionally tragic, thereby leading to bizarre behaviors (Qun, 66). Emily is also described as a person who enforces her own sense of law and conduct; for instance, she refused to pay taxes, which was illustrated, when she was purchasing the poison. Besides, this is also demonstrated by her behaviors such as skirting the law through refusal to have numbers attached to her house when federal mail service is instituted. Nonetheless, her effort to dismiss the law began to take more sinister consequences, thereby resulting killing her husband. This paper will focus on analyzing the character of Emily as portrayed in â€Å"A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner. In this case, this analysis will begin with general analysis of he r character, which will be followed by an analysis in three perspectives, which include; Emily as a daughter and woman, as an artist and her legacy. Emily is presented to be a monument, which is pitied, irritating, and focusing on living her own life in her ways and terms. People in her township gossips her after accepting to be married to Homer without firm wedding plans; in fact, this lead to drawing people’s attention to her way of life, whereby people make various speculations about her. The act of buying the poison is considered to be effort to commit suicide by people in her town. However, Emily had numerous instabilities that resulted to different directions and leading to finals scene of making a conclusion that she had necrophilia (Qun, 67). In this case, necrophilia is a condition, which regards a sexual attraction to dead bodies. In addition, this is a term used to describe a powerful desire to control another person in a context of romantic through an intense pers onal relationship. Therefore, Emily as a necrophiliac, controlled her relationship, which resorted to bonding with unresponsive entities without resistance or will, like the case with dead bodies. Daughter and Woman Emily is also portrayed as the only child in her family, whereby the narrator does not mention of her siblings, and her mother is not mention. Moreover, it is striking that the narrator fails to mention about her mother, since there is not reasonable explanation for this. Instead, the narrator focuses on emphasizing on the way she was her father’s daughter and the loneliness she experienced due to him (Fang, 106). On the other hand, she is completely controlled by his father up to his death and this control continues even after his death. For instance, he separates her from the rest of the world, during his life, whereby he ensures that Emily did not have any friends, lover, or husband. In this case, her father sets up a life that is in a way that is impossible fo r her to change until her death (Fang, 106). Emily is portrayed to be a weak person, who is unwilling to declare a stance against her father; though this idea is in a way that blames has as the victim. Her father is depicted as a person who is strangely controlling, domineering, and willing to treat her daughter with cruelty. However, her behaviors are disguised by this theory after his death, whereby she tried to get rid of the perception that had been created by her father (Fang, 106). Nevertheless, Emily failed to pursue her own desires of love and sex, and the effort to pursue womanhood fails leading to a decision to revert to

Temperament Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Temperament Theory - Research Paper Example It also shows the difference between each and every individual infant. The way children behave in the society forms the major part of this study. Since behavior of children in each stage of their life changes, this theory gives us an opportunity to study about the difference in their behavior. It also provides a way to know about the children’s psychological development and factors that determine a child’s relationship with their parents. Temperament theory paves a way to analyze a child’s social activities and its approach towards life. As parent play a major part in a child’s life, their experiences are also taken into consideration. Temperament theory was proposed way back in the 1970’s but it has gained popularity only after the intervention of certain researchers. Researches specify that parents and pediatricians have a major part to play in a child’s life and they are considered to be the best people from whom a child’s characteristic feature can be understood. (Rothbart, 1981).This theory uses parents report to analyze the children and this report is of great help to measure a child’s level of tolerance and behavior. Recent studies have proposed advanced techniques to assess a child’s behavior and temperament. Temperamental characteristics of a child are recorded for a longer duration since the behavior differs depending on the situation. Though there are various methods to analyze a child’s temperament, certain unique theories and methods have been used for a longer of period of time. They have proved to be successful among most of the countries. These methods consider a child’s activities, level of stress and fear to a particular situation. The level of persistence is also taken into consideration since it enables them to know about the child’s annoyance and arrogance. This process cannot be done hastily and no child can be analyzed overnight. It requires months of study and analysis. To accomplish this, a questionnaire

Who Causes Collision Essay Example for Free

Who Causes Collision Essay Come aboard the Operation Lifesaver train and take a moment to complete the following quiz. Remember to use your common sense, because failure to do so could be fatal! Thank you for taking part in our quiz. Your quiz score: 14/15 Feel free to take the quiz again or visit www.traintodrive.net for more information. All the questions in the quiz along with their answers are shown below. Your answers are bolded. The correct answers have a green background while the incorrect ones have a red background. The Advance Warning Sign tells you: †¢ There is a railway yard nearby †¢ To slow down, you are approaching a railway crossing †¢ There is only one railway track ahead The advance warning sign warns you in advance of the highway/railway crossing. You should slow down and be alert as you are approaching a crossing. The crossbuck sign tells you: †¢ To hurry across the tracks †¢ There is only one railway track ahead †¢ To slow down, look, listen, and be prepared to yield for an approaching train When you see the crossbuck sign, you know that you are at a railway crossing. It is your responsibility to slow down, look, listen and yield to oncoming trains. Trains sound the engine whistle at most highway/railway crossings as a safety warning. When you are approaching a crossing and hear an engine whistle, you must: †¢ Be prepared to stop †¢ If a train is approaching, stop at least 5 metres from the nearest rail †¢ Ensure all tracks are clear before proceeding †¢ All of the above The locomotive engineer is required, by law, to sound the train whistle when approaching most crossings. When you hear it, be prepared to stop. If a train is approaching, stop at least 5 metres from the nearest rail and ensure all tracks are clear before proceeding. If you are being careful and obeying the traffic signs, you should never find yourself on the tracks while the gates are closing. The crossing lights start flashing before the gates come down. If you should find yourself in this situation, the best thing to do is to: †¢ Keep going †¢ Abandon the vehicle †¢ Stop †¢ Back up If you are being careful and obeying the traffic signs, you should never find yourself on the tracks while the gates are closing. The crossing lights start flashing before the gates come down. If you should find yourself in this situation, the best thing to do is to keep going. Most highway/railway crossing collisions involve drivers living within _____ of the location of the collision. †¢ 10 km †¢ 40 km †¢ 65 km †¢ 100 km 40 km. As you might expect, familiarity with highway/railway crossings breeds complacency. Many collisions occur close to home. A freight train with 80 railcars traveling 100 km/h can take _____ distance to stop. †¢ Less than 500 metres †¢ 1 km †¢ Up to 2 km †¢ More than 2 km Even in an emergency, a train travelling at 100 km/h could take up to 2 km to come to a stop. Remember, locomotives and railcars are a lot heavier than the family vehicle, and it takes a greater distance to stop. You can stop much more quickly! Some vehicles stop at all crossings. These may include: †¢ Public transit and motor coach vehicles carrying paying passengers †¢ School buses †¢ Hazardous material carriers †¢ All of the above In some provinces, public transit and motor coach vehicles carrying paying passengers, school buses and hazardous material carriers may stop at all crossings. So be prepared to stop if you are following one of these types of vehicles. The main contributing factor of a train-vehicle collision is: †¢ Weather conditions †¢ Malfunctioning warning devices †¢ Poor eyesight †¢ Vehicle driver error According to studies, vehicle drivers who do not exercise due caution at crossings are the main reason for highway/railway crossing collisions. These drivers, who fail to obey the warning signs and/or signals, take dangerous risks with their lives and those of others. It is illegal to drive around crossing gates. †¢ True †¢ False It is not only illegal, but also dangerous to drive around gates. Never race a train to the crossing. †¢ True †¢ False The race for the crossing was a highlight of many an old movie comedy; in real life, there is nothing funny about such a scene — it can be deadly, because even in a tie, you lose! It is okay for you to cross when the last car of a train clears the crossing. †¢ True †¢ False Do not proceed until you are sure that all tracks are clear and that all applicable automated warning devices have ceased operation – you might walk or drive right into the path or side of a moving train on the same or other track. Drivers often drive with their headlights off. This explains why many collisions involve a vehicle slamming into the side of a train at night. †¢ True †¢ False At night, some drivers overdrive their headlights. This means that you drive so fast that you cannot stop in the distance illuminated by your headlights. Slow down when you see the advance warning signs and be prepared to stop. Avoid stopping on the tracks in a traffic jam. †¢ True †¢ False Before proceeding across the tracks, be sure there’s enough space for your vehicle on the other side. If it doesn’t fit, don’t commit! A train should be expected on any track at any time. †¢ True †¢ False Don’t fall into the trap of knowing a crossing too well. Trains don’t always run at scheduled times. Extra trains may run at any time. Remember any time is train time. If you stall on the tracks when a train is approaching, get away from your vehicle immediately. †¢ True †¢ False If your vehicle stalls on a crossing, get all the occupants out of the vehicle and away from the track immediately. Do not run! Walk quickly to a point at least 30 metres away from the track. This will prevent you from being struck by flying debris if the train hits the stalled vehicle.

Sociolinguistics and Fairy Tales; An Integrated Approach to Adult ESL

Rationale The purpose of this study is to consider the current materials adult ESL students’ use and incorporate authentic material (through the use of fairy tales) as a way of helping adult learners achieve proficiency in second language through a mock prospectus. This study investigates the sociolinguistic, sociocultural and psychological features found in fairy tales, including Grimm’s tales, and the potential of using modern fairy tales as practice material for ESL learners. It explores various dimensions of fairy tales and demonstrates how they can be used as content to instruct and provide language practice to ESL learners. Fairy tales are predominantly taught to native English primary school students. They are a ‘semi-logical’ language that is inherent to the English language. Teachers can use similar texts so that adult ESL students can benefit becoming familiar with certain grammatical structures and vocabulary. It is essential to discover whether adult ESL students can comprehend the language used in fairy tales. Therefore, the following hypotheses can be made; Are the linguistic features in a modern fairy tales similar to standard/basic everyday texts? Do these texts have the potential to be authentic enough for standard language use? Can these texts allow students to be more active and confident in their English proficiency and self-development? What problems can occur if the mock prospectus is implicated? The main theory used in this study will be Krashen’s Input Hypothesis; the ‘i’ as the students’ familiarity with the stories and the +1 as the target language acquired. Teachers must provide students with opportunities to use meaningful language and, allow for immediate corrective feedback. Storytell... ... Little Pigs’ New York: Viking. Tomlinson, P., and Philpot, T. (2007) ‘A Childs Journey to Recovery’ Jessica Kingsley Publishers Tomlinson, P., Dockrell, J., Smith, L. (2003) ‘Piaget, Vygotsky and Beyond; Central Issues in Developmental Psychology and Education’ Routledge Tomlinson, B. (1986) Openings London: Lingual House Zinn, L. (1990) ‘Identifying Your Philosophical Orientation,’ Adult Learning Methods :39-77. Zipes, J. (2007) ‘Why Fairy Tales Stick: The Evolution and Relevance of a Genre’ Routledge: New Ed. Zipes, J. (2002) ‘Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales’ Social Sciences 5(6) University Press of Kentucky. Zipes, J. (2002) ‘The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World’ (2nd ed) Palgrave McMillan Zipes, J. (1994) ‘Fairy Tale As Myth Myth As Fairy Tale’ in Clarke Lecture. University Press of Kentucky,